In this article we’re going to show you how to perform a clean install of macOS. This is often a good option if your Mac is running slow or otherwise misbehaving.
It’s also something computer users often resort to when they are trying to get rid of a virus (although there is a lot of debate about whether there are viruses on the Mac).
We’ll start by showing how to do this for the latest version of macOS (macOS Big Sur at time of writing), before moving on to the far tricker business of installing a clean copy of an older version of macOS (Catalina, High Sierra, Sierra, El Capitan, Mojave, Yosemite or an old version of OS X). Speaking of which, if an oild version is what you’re looking for, it may be worth taking a look at another article where we focus on that entirely: How to download and install old versions of OS X on a Mac.
Before you start, you need to know that there are two ways to do a clean installation of macOS. The traditional way was to make a bootable copy of the macOS installer on a Flash drive or USB stick and then reformat your drive before installing the bootable copy on to your Mac. There is also an even simpler method that allows you to use macOS Recovery to reinstall the Mac operating system over the web. We have a separate tutorial about doing a clean install of macOS using recovery.
A word of warning: If you want to do a clean install of Big Sur or Catalina and are already running Catalina the process is different to earlier versions of macOS. You will now find two volumes to delete: Macintosh HD-Data and Macintosh HD. We’ll explain what you need to do about that below.
How to clean install macOS using a bootable USB
Before you begin you’ll need the following:
- A 15GB or larger removable USB flash drive to hold the installer file for our chosen version of macOS. (We’re going to erase it, so make sure it doesn’t contain any valuable data.)
- Admin privileges for the Mac.
- A back up, just in case something goes wrong. Full instructions here: How to back up a Mac.
Note that with regard to backups, you probably won’t want to recover a Time Machine backup if you don’t want to copy over all the setting and preferences associated with your old system. You could alternatively sync all your Documents and Desktop with iCloud rather than run a full backup, but make sure that everything you need is in the cloud and be aware that you may lose system setting and applications.
Ready? Let’s get started.
Step 1: Format the external drive
We’re going to re-download the installer file for our chosen version of macOS and store it on a USB stick or external drive. But before you do that you can prepare the USB drive by reformatting it.
Here’s how to format your USB drive correctly:
- Plug in the USB drive.
- Go to Applications > Utilities.
- Open Disk Utility.
- Select the drive and click Erase. (The name of the disk needs to be “Untitled”, if the Terminal commands below are to work, so rename it if necessary.)
- Select Mac OS Extended (Journaled) as the format type.
- Choose GUID Partition Map from the Scheme options (if you don’t see this you are in the wrong view – you need to select the external drive, not the container below it).
- Click Erase.
- Disk Utility will create the partition and set up the drive (it can take a while).
- Click Done.
Step 2a: Get the macOS install file
If you’re reinstalling the latest version of macOS, or installing a new version of macOS, the next step is relatively easy although the process for obtaining the installer will be different.
If you are currently running Catalina and want to do a clean install of macOS Big Sur then you can download the installation package via System Preferences.
- Open System Preferences.
- Choose Software Update.
- Download the Big Sur install files.
If you want to reinstall Big Sur and are already running Big Sur the best way to access the installer for Catalina is via the Mac App Store. Here’s a link to Big Sur on the Mac App Store. If it’s Catalina you want you can get that here. Alternatively open Mac App Store and search for Catalina.
Once you have located Big Sur on the Mac App Store follow these instructions:
- Hit Download or Get (depending on the version of the Mac App Store you are using).
- You may get a warning message at this point, telling you that this version of macOS ‘is already installed on this computer. Would you like to continue?’ Click Continue.
- Enter your Apple ID and password.
- The Catalina install files will start to download.
The installer file will be multiple GB. Big Sur is 12.6GB, for example, so expect downloading to take a while.
The next step is worth highlighting for what you shouldn’t do, rather than what you should do:
- When the macOS installer has finished downloading the installer will launch automatically, but we don’t want to use it yet so don’t click to st rt the installation!
- Press Command + Q to quit out of the installer.
- Find the installer file (it will be located in your Applications folder, or you could search for it using Spotlight (command + Space and start typing Catalina or Big Sur).
If you just want to install Big Sur, you can skip the next step, where we’ll be showing how to dig up the installer file for an older version of macOS or Mac OS X.
Step 2b: Get the install file for an older version of macOS
For older versions of macOS and Mac OS X it’s a bit more difficult to get the install file: Apple doesn’t offer downloads of outdated OS versions through the normal store front, and searching for the name won’t find what you’re looking for.
We have a detailed guide to getting older versions of macOS here, but we will explain what you need to do below.
Depending on the version of macOS you are running, the installers for some versions of macOS can be found in the Purchased section of the App Store.
Log into the Mac App Store with the Apple ID you used and click Purchased in the menu bar along the top. Scan down the list of apps you’ve purchased or download for free (which is in order of when you downloaded them) and find the name of your chosen version: El Capitan, Yosemite or whatever. Click download.
However, there are a few reasons why this may not work for you:
- If you have already installed Mojave or Catalina on your Mac you cannot easily search for old versions of macOS from the Mac App Store.
- You won’t find the version of macOS your Mac shipped with in the Purchased section of the App Store.
- And you won’t find versions of macOS in the purchased section if you never installed that version.
However, luckily it is still possible to get hold of some versions of macOS if you are running a newer version than Sierra.
- Catalina is on the Mac App Store here.
- You can get macOS Mojave via this link.
- Download High Sierra here.
- Sierra is here.
- El Capitan can be downloaded from this link.
- Yosemite is available here.
As in the step above, once you have downloaded the installer don’t run it – just close the installer if it opens.
For more advice on getting hold of even older editions of Mac OS, see How to get old versions of OS X.
Step 3: Create a bootable USB disk
Next we need to turn out USB drive into a bootable USB disk so that we can use it to install a new copy of macOS on our Mac after we have reformatted it (that step will come later in this tutorial).
We’ve got full instructions on How to make a bootable macOS install drive in a different article, but we’ll run through the basics here.
We’re going to create the bootable drive using Terminal, which you can open on your Mac by pressing Command + Space bar and typing Terminal.
Connect the USB drive that you formatted earlier to your Mac. Make sure it’s called Untitled – rename it if necessary (this will help you enter the correct text in Terminal in the next steps).
Creating a bootable installer has been pretty easy since the arrival of Mavericks in 2013 thanks to the Terminal command createinstallmedia that arrived in that version. Here’s how to use it:
- Open the Terminal application on your Mac (find it by searching using Command + Space and typing Terminal)
- Now copy and paste the following text into Terminal (This text is for Big Sur – we include the text needed for the other versions of macOS in this article). When you cut and paste the following text into Terminal do check that it maintains the — as we have heard of people pasting in the — and it converting to –)
sudo /Applications/Install macOS Big Sur.app/Contents/Resources/createinstallmedia –volume /Volumes/MyVolume (where MyVolume is the name of the external drive you are using – it could be Untitled) - Press Return.
- Enter your password (you won’t see the password appear).
- Press Return again.
- Terminal will warn that it is about to erase the drive. If you want to continue press Y and then Return. The process can take a while, you’ll see “Erasing Disk: 0%… 10%… 20%… 30%…100%…
- Next Terminal will spend a few minutes copying the installer file to your drive. “Copying installer files to disk… Copy complete” and so on will appear in the Terminal window. Again, this can take a while – it took our Mac ages to go from 0% to 10%…
- When the bootable drive is prepared you will see the word Done. It can take a while.
Now you have the installer on the external drive you can use that to install copies of macOS on multiple Macs – which could be helpful if you are admin for a lot of systems.
However, if you are reading this because you want to do wipe your Mac and do a clean install, read on…
Step 4: Wipe your Mac
Now we are ready to install the copy of macOS from the installer drive on our Mac. If you want to do a fresh installation (and completely wipe your Mac) it’s time to reformat your Mac’s start-up drive.
Here’s how to do a fresh installation of macOS if you aren’t already running Catalina or Big Sur.
- Connect your boot drive.
- Start up – or restart – your Mac while holding down the Option key (also known as Alt). This will take you to Startup Manager.
- Choose to install your chosen version of macOS from the external drive.
- Select Disk Utility.
- Select your Mac’s start up disc, probably called Macintosh HD or Home.
- Click on Erase.
- Wait for your startup disk to be formatted.
- Go back to the main Utilities menu and choose Install macOS.
- Choose your startup drive as the location to install macOS.
Once installation is complete, you can restore apps and settings from your backup, or download them again manually.
How to erase your drive in Catalina
Note: if you are running macOS Catalina or Big Sur you will have two volumes: Macintosh HD and Macintosh HD – Data. If you want to do a clean install of Catalina or Big Sur over an existing installation of Catalina you will need to first delete the Macintosh HD – Data volume. We cover how to do this in more detail here: How to reset and wipe a Mac.
Macintosh HD – Data in Catalina/Big Sur is where your data is stored separately to the macOS installation.
- Either click on the – button or go to the menu and choose Edit > Delete APFS volume.
- You will see a message warning you that this will permanently erase your data. Click on Delete. Do not choose Delete Volume Group.
- Wait while the volume is deleted.
Then you can move onto deleting your Macintosh HD volume as above.
Step 5: Install macOS
Now you can use your bootable installer to do a clean install of macOS on your wiped Mac.
The process for installing the OS from the bootable installer is slightly different if you have an M1 Mac (also known as Apple Silicon) or an Intel processor inside your Mac. We’ll run through both methods.
In both cases you will need to have your Mac connected to the Internet. It also needs to be compatible with the version of macOS you are trying to install (you can’t install a macOS older than Big Sur on a M1 Mac).
How to install macOS from a bootable installer
If you have an Intel-powered Mac here’s how to install macOS from a bootable installer:
- Plug in your bootable installer
- Turn off your Mac.
- Press and hold Option/Alt while the Mac starts up – keep pressing the key until you see a screen showing the bootable volume.
- Choose the bootable installer volume.
- Click Continue.
- Select Install macOS from the Utilities window that appears.
- Click Continue.
- Now follow the onscreen instructions to do your clean install.
If you have an M1 Mac here’s how to install macOS from a bootable installer. As we mentioned above, you can’t install a macOS older than Big Sur on a M1 Mac.
- Plug in your bootable installer
- Turn off your Mac.
- Press the power button to turn on the Mac – but keep it pressed until you see the startup options window including your bootable volume.
- Choose the bootable installer volume.
- Click Continue.
- The macOS installer should open – when it does follow the onscreen instructions to do the clean install.